{"id":3910,"date":"2026-03-03T19:12:13","date_gmt":"2026-03-03T17:12:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/?p=3910"},"modified":"2026-03-03T19:12:15","modified_gmt":"2026-03-03T17:12:15","slug":"digital-imaging-for-pyu-epigraphy-rti-and-photogrammetry-for-the-pyu-corpus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/en\/projects\/digital-imaging-for-pyu-epigraphy-rti-and-photogrammetry-for-the-pyu-corpus\/","title":{"rendered":"Digital Imaging for Pyu Epigraphy: RTI and Photogrammetry for the Pyu Corpus"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>In November 2016, Archaeovision undertook a programme of digital imaging in support of two parallel research projects examining the inscriptions and material culture associated with the Pyu urban tradition of Myanmar. The work formed a technical contribution to both the <strong>Pyu epigraphy sub\u2011project<\/strong> (PI: Nathan W. Hill, SOAS University of London) within the <strong>ERC Synergy Grant \u2018Beyond Boundaries: Religion, Region, Language and the State\u2019 (ASIA 609823)<\/strong>, and the EFEO\u2011led project <em>\u2018From Vijayapuri to Sriksetra? The Beginnings of Buddhist Exchange across the Bay of Bengal as Witnessed by Inscriptions from Andhra Pradesh and Myanmar\u2019<\/em> (PI: Arlo Griffiths), funded by <strong>The Robert H. N. Ho Family Foundation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The aim of the 2016 campaign was clear: produce <strong>Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI)<\/strong>, <strong>high-resolution images using raking light, <\/strong>and <strong>high\u2011resolution photogrammetry<\/strong> of inscriptions and carved stone to support ongoing editorial, linguistic, and archaeological research. The digital outputs were aligned with the publication infrastructure established by the <a href=\"http:\/\/hisoma.huma-num.fr\/exist\/apps\/pyu\/index2.html\">Corpus of Pyu Inscriptions<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/1478504\"><em>Studies in Pyu Epigraphy I<\/em> (BEFEO 103, 2017)<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/pub\/5\/article\/923230\"><em>Studies in Pyu Epigraphy II<\/em> (Journal of Burma Studies, 2024)<\/a>, forming part of a long\u2011term scholarly dataset.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Research Framework and Collaborative Context<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Pyu inscriptions form a multilingual corpus spanning Pyu, Pali, and Sanskrit. Their reading requires careful integration of philology, epigraphy, archaeology, and digital methods. Archaeovision\u2019s work sat within this wider collaborative structure, providing imaging datasets intended for reuse in editorial and analytical tasks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>ERC Beyond Boundaries<\/strong> sub\u2011project, led by <strong>Nathan W. Hill<\/strong>, focused on the linguistic and philological dimensions of the inscriptions, requiring high\u2011fidelity surface documentation to confirm letterforms, resolve ambiguities, and support re\u2011edition. In parallel, the <strong>EFEO \/ Ho Family Foundation<\/strong> project led by <strong>Arlo Griffiths<\/strong> examined connections between the Pyu inscriptions and epigraphic material in Andhra Pradesh. These frameworks and publication metadata are reflected in <a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/1478504\">BEFEO 103<\/a> and the <a href=\"http:\/\/hisoma.huma-num.fr\/exist\/apps\/pyu\/index2.html\">Corpus of Pyu Inscriptions<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Anchoring Publications and Digital Resources<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Studies in Pyu Epigraphy I (BEFEO 103, 2017)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Authored by <strong>Arlo Griffiths, Bob Hudson, Marc Miyake, and Julian Wheatley<\/strong>, this volume provides the state\u2011of\u2011the\u2011field overview, the edition of the <strong>Kan Wet Khaung Mound inscription<\/strong>, and an inventory of Pyu inscriptions with stable identifiers. It is available open\u2011access via <a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/1478504\">Zenodo<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Studies in Pyu Epigraphy II (Journal of Burma Studies, 2024)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This second major publication, by <strong>Marc Miyake and Julian Wheatley<\/strong>, analyses <strong>Pyu inscriptions on moulded tablets<\/strong> and outlines a way forward for this subset of the corpus. It is accessible via <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/pub\/5\/article\/923230\">Project MUSE<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Corpus of Pyu Inscriptions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The fully digital, EpiDoc\u2011encoded <a href=\"http:\/\/hisoma.huma-num.fr\/exist\/apps\/pyu\/index2.html\"><strong>Corpus of Pyu Inscriptions<\/strong><\/a> provides metadata, transliterations, repository details, and imagery for the corpus. Archaeovision aligned its outputs directly with these catalogue identifiers to ensure traceability and long\u2011term reuse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objectives of the Digital Imaging Programme<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Archaeovision\u2019s work focused on producing imaging datasets that would:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Capture inscriptions using RTI<\/strong> to maximise surface legibility and offer interactive re\u2011lighting;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Generate scaled photogrammetric models<\/strong> for measurement, comparison, and publication;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Integrate<\/strong> seamlessly with the digital corpus and editorial method;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Support long\u2011term archiving<\/strong> with consistent metadata and file structures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Role of RTI in Pyu Epigraphy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Many Pyu inscriptions are shallowly cut or worn. Interactive re\u2011lighting using RTI makes faint strokes visible, distinguishes carving from surface damage, and reveals tooling patterns. This directly supports epigraphic readings and figure preparation for publication and the digital corpus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why RTI Was Re\u2011Implemented by Archaeovision<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Before Archaeovision\u2019s involvement, the project had trialled RTI and obtained some results, but overall legibility and consistency were not sufficient for editorial needs. The main limitations were variable ambient light, insufficient shading, and non\u2011standardised capture parameters. Archaeovision was therefore engaged to re\u2011implement RTI to a professional standard using a controlled highlight\u2011based workflow, consistent shading, and rigorous metadata protocols to produce publication\u2011grade outcomes aligned with corpus standards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Capture Method<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Archaeovision applied its established, portable RTI workflow:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>fixed camera and stable tripod,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reflective sphere for light vector calculation,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>hand\u2011held lighting moved across controlled arcs,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>shaded conditions where possible to maintain even illumination.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Processing and Deliverables<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>RTI datasets were processed into <strong>PTM\u2011format RTI files<\/strong>, then packaged with capture and processing metadata and exported with viewer\u2011ready files for researchers and editors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Photogrammetry<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Purpose<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Photogrammetry captured overall geometry, producing accurate 3D models and orthophotos suitable for publication and comparative analysis. These outputs complement RTI by supplying measurable morphology and scalable views.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Capture and Processing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Archaeovision employed its standard workflow: high\u2011overlap photography with fixed\u2011length lenses, colour calibration and scale control, processing in Agisoft Metashape, and export of OBJ\/PLY meshes with high\u2011resolution TIFF textures and orthophotos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01002-1024x683.jpg\" data-original=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01002-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3916 portfolio-lazyLoad\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01002-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01002-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01002-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01002-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01002-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01002-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3916 portfolio-lazyLoad\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01002-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01002-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01002-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01002-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01002-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/noscript><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Photogrammetry capture in Nay Pyi Taw, the National Museum of Myanma<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Locations and Materials Documented<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The November 2016 imaging covered museum collections, site museums, and in situ material across the core Pyu centres and key repository cities. The brief descriptions below summarise the archaeological character of each place and the type of material prioritised for RTI and photogrammetry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sri Ksetra,(Hmawza \/ Pyay)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sri Ksetra, (near modern Hmawza, Pyay) is the largest of the Pyu urban sites, with extensive brick defensive circuits, monumental stupas, and a long occupation sequence. It forms one of the three city cores of the <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1444\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO \u2018Pyu Ancient Cities\u2019<\/a> inscription alongside Halin and Beikthano. Imaging here focused on museum\u2011held inscriptions and sculptural fragments, plus selected architectural elements in the archaeological zone, where RTI aids legibility of worn surfaces and photogrammetry provides scalable documentation for publication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The local repository is the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sri_Ksetra_Archaeological_Museum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sri Ksetra Archaeological Museum<\/a> (Hmawza), which houses a concentrated collection of Pyu\u2011period stonework, including urns, reliefs, and stelae referenced throughout the Pyu corpus. For a recent update on the museum\u2019s digitisation programme, see the notice from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gnlm.com.mm\/sri-ksetra-museum-90-transformed-into-digital-museum\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Global New Light of Myanmar<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Halin (near Shwebo)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Halin is the northern member of the UNESCO\u2011listed triad of Pyu cities. It preserves city walls, gates, Buddhist brick monuments, and an extensive settlement history. Imaging at Halin (site museum and accessible stones) supported RTI of inscribed faces and photogrammetric models of relief fragments and architectural pieces. See the UNESCO entry for the Pyu Ancient Cities and the site overview for Halin: <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1444\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO listing<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hanlin,_Burma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Halin overview<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For background on Halin\u2019s long chronology (late prehistoric into historic) and current research, see the French archaeology portal: <a href=\"https:\/\/archeologie.culture.gouv.fr\/monde\/en\/halin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Halin \u2014 French Arch\u00e9ologie (MAFM)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Beikthano (Bago Region)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Beikthano, a planned brick city with a citadel and monastic quarters, is a cornerstone of the Pyu urban system and one of the three cities recognised in the UNESCO inscription. Work here prioritised museum\u2011held inscriptions and carved architectural elements suitable for RTI and scaled 3D documentation. See the UNESCO summary across the three cities: <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1444\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pyu Ancient Cities<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bagan (Pagan) \u2014 Tharaba Gate Context and the Bilingual Stela<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Although Bagan is later in date, it preserves crucial evidence for the persistence and reuse of earlier scripts. Imaging included materials in the Bagan Archaeological Museum and targeted items with ties to the Pyu corpus, notably the bilingual Chinese\u2013Pyu <strong>stone stela near the Tharaba Gate (PYU\u202f11)<\/strong>, whose condition and legibility benefit from RTI and controlled photographic documentation. Detailed catalogue and concordance information for PYU\u202f11 are available in the <a href=\"http:\/\/hisoma.huma-num.fr\/exist\/apps\/pyu\/works\/PYU011.xml?odd=teipublisher.odd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Corpus of Pyu Inscriptions<\/a>, with a dedicated figure record on <a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/3865556\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Zenodo<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For wider context on the bilingual stone and its scholarship (late\u2011thirteenth\u2011century horizon), see short research essays discussing the Chinese face and historical implications: <a href=\"https:\/\/teacirclemyanmar.com\/arts-and-literature\/where-china-meets-pyu-the-tharaba-gate-bilingual-inscriptions-at-pagan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Tea Circle Myanmar<\/a>; and the archived Oxford version <a href=\"https:\/\/teacircleoxford.com\/essay\/where-china-meets-pyu-the-tharaba-gate-bilingual-inscriptions-at-pagan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Tea Circle Oxford<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Yangon and Naypyidaw \u2014 National Museum Collections<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>National collections in Yangon and Naypyidaw hold significant Pyu\u2011related objects, including stelae and early sculpture formerly or currently exhibited in Yangon, and catalogued metal and stone pieces in Naypyidaw. These collections are important for corpus coverage and cross\u2011referencing to site museums. Where permitted, RTI sequences were created for inscribed or low\u2011relief faces, and photogrammetry was used for volumetric documentation. For examples and scholarly discussion of early stone material linked to \u015ar\u012bk\u1e63etra now displayed in Yangon, see Gutman &amp; Hudson\u2019s study (<em>BEFEO<\/em>): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/43733935\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">JSTOR record<\/a>; a readable summary is also available via the <a href=\"https:\/\/angkordatabase.asia\/publications\/a-first-century-stele-from-sriksetra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Angkor Database<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mandalay \u2014 Palace Inscription Building<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Within the Mandalay Palace complex, the inscription building preserves multiple stone records; selected Pyu\u2011related material here was documented for legibility and reference. The Mandalay corpus provides a bridge between regional holdings and the site museums, and is cited within the <em>Studies in Pyu Epigraphy<\/em> inventory framework and the online corpus (see <a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/1478504\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">BEFEO 103, 2017 \u2014 Zenodo<\/a> and the <a href=\"http:\/\/hisoma.huma-num.fr\/exist\/apps\/pyu\/index2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Corpus of Pyu Inscriptions<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pyay (City) \u2014 Interface with \u015ar\u012bk\u1e63etra<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As the service town for Sri Ksetra,, Pyay is the administrative and logistical gateway to Hmawza\u2019s museum and archaeological zone. The regional museum infrastructure is being updated and digitised, reflecting long\u2011term conservation and access ambitions for the Pyu heritage area; see the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gnlm.com.mm\/sri-ksetra-museum-90-transformed-into-digital-museum\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sri Ksetra Museum digitisation notice<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why these places matter for digital recording<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Together, \u015ar\u012bk\u1e63etra, Halin, and Beikthano provide the baseline urban sequence of the Pyu millennium, as recognised by UNESCO in 2014. Imaging undertaken across these nodes and their associated museum repositories ensures the key inscriptions, reliefs, and architectural fragments are captured at two complementary scales: <em>micro\u2011topography<\/em> for script legibility (RTI), and <em>measurable geometry<\/em> for comparison, publication, and future conservation checks (photogrammetry). For context, see the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/articles\/myanmars-first-site-inscribed-world-heritage-list\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO announcement (2014)<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1444\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">World Heritage listing<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Integration with Editorial and Linguistic Research<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Editorial Work<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The RTI and photogrammetry outputs have supported editorial discussions, re\u2011examination of letterforms, the correction of earlier readings, and the preparation of publication plates in both <a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/1478504\"><em>Studies in Pyu Epigraphy I<\/em><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/pub\/5\/article\/923230\"><em>Studies in Pyu Epigraphy II<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Linguistic Analysis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>High\u2011fidelity imagery is essential for palaeographic analysis, phonological reconstruction, and comparative study, supporting research led by Nathan W. Hill, Marc Miyake, and colleagues across the two publication milestones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comparative Epigraphy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The EFEO framework uses these datasets to compare Pyu inscriptions with those from Andhra Pradesh and wider South and Southeast Asia, a perspective advanced across the two volumes and consolidated in the digital corpus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Data Management and Archiving<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Archaeovision organised data according to a stable archive structure:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>RAW<\/strong> \u2013 capture files,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>WORKING<\/strong> \u2013 RTIBuilder and photogrammetry projects,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>FINAL<\/strong> \u2013 PTMs, meshes, textures, orthophotos,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>METADATA<\/strong> \u2013 object information, capture settings, repository notes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The deliverables and documentation align with the catalogue and metadata standards used by the <a href=\"http:\/\/hisoma.huma-num.fr\/exist\/apps\/pyu\/index2.html\">Corpus of Pyu Inscriptions<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Challenges and Adaptations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Work in Myanmar required flexible, resilient workflows: bright outdoor lighting necessitated shaded RTI setups; museum access constraints shaped capture geometry; and some objects were stored in tight spaces that required careful sequencing. The workflows were adapted accordingly to preserve quality and consistency.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01037-1024x683.jpg\" data-original=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01037-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Mandalay Inscription shed\" class=\"wp-image-3914 portfolio-lazyLoad\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01037-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01037-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01037-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01037-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01037-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01037-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Mandalay Inscription shed\" class=\"wp-image-3914 portfolio-lazyLoad\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01037-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01037-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01037-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01037-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC01037-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/noscript><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The tight spacing found at the Mandalay inscription shed<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"676\" src=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/468521572_10162414225681263_6747477793691981921_n-1024x676.jpg\" data-original=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/468521572_10162414225681263_6747477793691981921_n-1024x676.jpg\" alt=\"Capture of PYU007\" class=\"wp-image-3918 portfolio-lazyLoad\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/468521572_10162414225681263_6747477793691981921_n-1024x676.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/468521572_10162414225681263_6747477793691981921_n-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/468521572_10162414225681263_6747477793691981921_n-768x507.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/468521572_10162414225681263_6747477793691981921_n-1536x1014.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/468521572_10162414225681263_6747477793691981921_n.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"676\" src=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/468521572_10162414225681263_6747477793691981921_n-1024x676.jpg\" alt=\"Capture of PYU007\" class=\"wp-image-3918 portfolio-lazyLoad\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/468521572_10162414225681263_6747477793691981921_n-1024x676.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/468521572_10162414225681263_6747477793691981921_n-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/468521572_10162414225681263_6747477793691981921_n-768x507.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/468521572_10162414225681263_6747477793691981921_n-1536x1014.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/468521572_10162414225681263_6747477793691981921_n.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/noscript><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Capture of PYU007, safely stored in a cage in the Myazedi pagoda in Pagan<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"452\" src=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_0754-1024x452.jpg\" data-original=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_0754-1024x452.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3920 portfolio-lazyLoad\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_0754-1024x452.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_0754-300x133.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_0754-768x339.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_0754-1536x679.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_0754-2048x905.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_0754-270x120.jpg 270w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"452\" src=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_0754-1024x452.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3920 portfolio-lazyLoad\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_0754-1024x452.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_0754-300x133.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_0754-768x339.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_0754-1536x679.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_0754-2048x905.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_0754-270x120.jpg 270w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/noscript><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Remote capture sites in the middle of farming land<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Tondaw1-1024x683.jpg\" data-original=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Tondaw1-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Adapted RTI Capture\" class=\"wp-image-3922 portfolio-lazyLoad\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Tondaw1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Tondaw1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Tondaw1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Tondaw1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Tondaw1-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Tondaw1-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Adapted RTI Capture\" class=\"wp-image-3922 portfolio-lazyLoad\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Tondaw1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Tondaw1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Tondaw1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Tondaw1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Tondaw1-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/noscript><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Adapted RTI Capture of the Tondaw inscription<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Contribution to the Pyu Epigraphic Programme<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>The 2016 imaging campaign delivered:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a high\u2011quality RTI dataset of Pyu inscriptions,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>scaled photogrammetric models and orthophotos for publication,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a unified archival structure compatible with the digital corpus,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>datasets supporting <a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/1478504\"><em>Studies in Pyu Epigraphy I<\/em><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/pub\/5\/article\/923230\"><em>II<\/em><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>An example RTI can be seen below, providing an insight into the work captured<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"100%\" height=\"1300\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.knightlab.com\/libs\/juxtapose\/latest\/embed\/index.html?uid=a3b6341e-1672-11f1-ba1b-0e6f42328d7d\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Archaeovision\u2019s November 2016 imaging programme produced a coherent, citable digital record aligned with the scholarly needs of Pyu epigraphy. By supporting both the ERC <em>Beyond Boundaries<\/em> sub\u2011project and the EFEO \/ Ho Foundation project, the imaging forms an essential component of the research infrastructure behind the study of early urban Myanmar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Together with the <a href=\"http:\/\/hisoma.huma-num.fr\/exist\/apps\/pyu\/index2.html\">Corpus of Pyu Inscriptions<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/1478504\"><em>Studies in Pyu Epigraphy I<\/em><\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/pub\/5\/article\/923230\"><em>Studies in Pyu Epigraphy II<\/em><\/a>, these datasets help secure the long\u2011term preservation and readability of the Pyu inscriptional record.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In November 2016, Archaeovision undertook a programme of digital imaging in support of two parallel research projects examining the inscriptions and material culture associated with the Pyu urban tradition of Myanmar. The work formed a technical contribution to both the Pyu epigraphy sub\u2011project (PI: Nathan W. Hill, SOAS University of London) within the ERC Synergy&hellip;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/en\/projects\/digital-imaging-for-pyu-epigraphy-rti-and-photogrammetry-for-the-pyu-corpus\/\" class=\"read-more-link\">Read More &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3930,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[102],"tags":[229,230,8,11],"class_list":["post-3910","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-projects","tag-burma","tag-myanmar","tag-photogrammetry","tag-rti"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Digital Imaging for Pyu Epigraphy: RTI and Photogrammetry for the Pyu Corpus - Archaeovision<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"An overview of the work undertaken by Archaeovision as part of the digital archive for the Corpus of Pyu Inscriptions in Myanmar (Burma)\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/en\/projects\/digital-imaging-for-pyu-epigraphy-rti-and-photogrammetry-for-the-pyu-corpus\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Digital Imaging for Pyu Epigraphy: RTI and Photogrammetry for the Pyu Corpus - Archaeovision\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"An overview of the work undertaken by Archaeovision as part of the digital archive for the Corpus of Pyu Inscriptions in Myanmar (Burma)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/en\/projects\/digital-imaging-for-pyu-epigraphy-rti-and-photogrammetry-for-the-pyu-corpus\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Archaeovision\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/archaeovision\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-03-03T17:12:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-03-03T17:12:15+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/archaeovision.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_2745-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1709\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"James Miles\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@Archaeo_Vision\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@Archaeo_Vision\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"James Miles\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"10 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/archaeovision.eu\\\/en\\\/projects\\\/digital-imaging-for-pyu-epigraphy-rti-and-photogrammetry-for-the-pyu-corpus\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/archaeovision.eu\\\/en\\\/projects\\\/digital-imaging-for-pyu-epigraphy-rti-and-photogrammetry-for-the-pyu-corpus\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"James Miles\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/archaeovision.eu\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/67d1bbf83649d0193db6d57fd378b2ba\"},\"headline\":\"Digital Imaging for Pyu Epigraphy: RTI and Photogrammetry for the Pyu Corpus\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-03-03T17:12:13+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-03-03T17:12:15+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/archaeovision.eu\\\/en\\\/projects\\\/digital-imaging-for-pyu-epigraphy-rti-and-photogrammetry-for-the-pyu-corpus\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1927,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/archaeovision.eu\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/archaeovision.eu\\\/en\\\/projects\\\/digital-imaging-for-pyu-epigraphy-rti-and-photogrammetry-for-the-pyu-corpus\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/archaeovision.eu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/DSC_2745-scaled.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Burma\",\"Myanmar\",\"photogrammetry\",\"rti\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Projects\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/archaeovision.eu\\\/en\\\/projects\\\/digital-imaging-for-pyu-epigraphy-rti-and-photogrammetry-for-the-pyu-corpus\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/archaeovision.eu\\\/en\\\/projects\\\/digital-imaging-for-pyu-epigraphy-rti-and-photogrammetry-for-the-pyu-corpus\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/archaeovision.eu\\\/en\\\/projects\\\/digital-imaging-for-pyu-epigraphy-rti-and-photogrammetry-for-the-pyu-corpus\\\/\",\"name\":\"Digital Imaging for Pyu Epigraphy: RTI and Photogrammetry for the Pyu Corpus - 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